Assignment as an essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

As an article - Assignment Example ntesting states, universal custom practices considered as law, and legal choices and lessons of qualified marketing experts in the various countries. The standards encompassing universal laws are the standards and decides that apply to worldwide law. This term isn't basic in universal court frameworks however it can even now be utilized to allude to standards and rules. There are seven standards of global law. They are acquired from local law since universal law isn't created and is for the most part inconsistent (Aust 6). Concerning universal law, the US disregarded the 6th guideline. As per the standard, it is unlawful any individual to design, plan, start, or compensation a war in animosity in global understandings, bargains, or protections. Subjection as applies to law is where one guideline supersedes the other and invalidates the results set by the standard seen to be more vulnerable. Such a situation isn't neat in global law as all standards are very much expressed to protect themselves in all circumstances (Aust 9). Domain obtaining in universal law is accomplished through various ways, which were set at first by antiquated customary laws (Aust 33). The main way is disclosure. For this situation, a nation must be the first to distinguish a region that isn't possessed by some other state and it ought to perform emblematic acts like planting a banner to show official securing. Another strategy is victory and addition (Aust 36). It includes a compelling attack of a state into a domain that isn't theirs and request proprietorship. It may incorporate war and battles and if the attacking nation wins, it assumes control over the domain. Another strategy utilized in obtaining is cession. It includes the intentional surrendering of a domain by a nation. In such a case, another nation can undoubtedly assume control over the region. Another method of region obtaining is occupation and solution. This is the place a sovereign state is as of now in possession or control of a

Black Death and the Witch Hunts

Dark Death and the Witch Hunts Mohammad Aldousari The Black Death which was brought about by the extraordinary starvation that hit Europe was the reason for the quick change in the demography of the landmass, A defining moment over the span of the medieval battles was the Black Death, which executed on a normal, somewhere in the range of 30 and 40, of the European populace (Federici, 2004). The loss of life was additionally quickened by the way that the lack of healthy sustenance brought about by the starvation bargained the obstruction of the individuals against sicknesses (Federici, 2004). As the demise for the most part influenced the workers who gave work in the grounds of the respectability, their fitness in work decreased because of the inevitable chance of confronting passing. The shortage of work that followed the Black Death thus raised the wages of the laborers and step by step the day to day environments (Federici, 2004). With the improved conditions for the workers, they rebelled contrary to the standard of the honorabil ity which was fruitful in a large portion of the nations. The political class turned the laborers against themselves as a counter-unrest technique by permitting the men to debase the worker ladies, a condition that set reason for witch hunts.0 Prior to the Black Death, the job of ladies in the general public was principally accomplishing conceptive work. The general public was composed in a male centric way, and a large portion of the profitable work was finished by the guys in the general public (Federici, 2004). The work that was left for the ladies was mostly doing housework in their lords house and others obligations, for example, turning fleece (Federici, 2004). The work done by the ladies was wage less and was seen as a social support of the general public. Nonetheless, their most significant job in the general public was conceiving an offspring. By their virtual demonstration of conceiving an offspring, they gave youngsters who might guarantee the coherence of the general public. The way toward conceiving an offspring was additionally observed as the procedure by which work was delivered by offering ascend to people who might work in the grounds of the honorability and as warriors in the military. After the Black Death, the job of ladies in the general public changed and totally went in a different direction. With the individuals progressively moving to the city, a portion of the ladies were left as single parents to fight for their families (Federici, 2004). The way that the single ladies with families expected to accommodate their families combined with the shortage of work at present, permitted the ladies to get to paying employments because of the decrease of the sexual orientation division. The ladies were, along these lines, ready to amass riches as opposed to the past circumstance before the Black Death (Federici, 2004). The roads through which ladies gained riches were additionally widened by the sanctioning of prostitution in the European nations as a measure to battle demonstrations of homosexuality that end up being a danger to the reproduction procedure (Federici, 2004). For the ladies, the obtained status was acceptable and even worth shielding. The witch chases were starting by the political classes that administered Europe after the repercussions of the Black Death (Federici, 2004). The overwhelming impacts that the pestilence had caused to the economy of the mainland required the political classes to take matters that managed populace development and generation into their hands. The explanation behind the control of the generation procedure was a because of the work emergency that resulted with the occasion of the Black Death (Federici, 2004). Along these lines, the conceptive violations that came in the method of populace development were vigorously rebuffed. Witches were, consequently, rebuffed as they were suspected to forestall to populace development by giving up youngsters to the fallen angel, a conviction that led the witch chases. Besides, witches supposedly had the capacity to make hurt people, and the chases were likewise a defensive instrument. References Federici, S. (2004). Caliban and the Witch. New York,NY: Autonomedia.

Beauty Within and Without

â€Å"She Walks in Beauty† was composed by George Gordon, Lord Byron, an English writer during the mid nineteenth century. The sonnet falls inside the class of verse in which the writer communicates his contemplations and minds (Clugston, 2010, segment 11. 3). Sentiment is the focal feeling in the sonnet; in any case, it is represented by a topic of standards which allegorically offsets inward qualities with sheer outer magnificence. Being hitched for a long time, my association with the sonnet was in thinking back to the minutes when I utilized comparable types of sentimental verse to convey my expressions of love for my significant other during the beginning periods of our commitment. I additionally discovered nature in the significance of the last refrain of the sonnet which has a practically indistinguishable importance to a line from the end discourse of one of my preferred rom-coms composed by William Shakespeare entitled, â€Å"The Taiming of the Schrew. † â€Å"She Walks in Beauty† exemplifies both drawing in substance and structure utilizing differentiating contrary energies; in any case, its topic that outside magnificence is an impression of internal goodness has an important message for society that genuine excellence is a blend of inward goodness and outward appearance. I was locked in by the substance of the â€Å"She Walks in Beauty† through its picture of authenticity made by the speaker as he is eagerly centered around a dream of sheer excellence while additionally perceiving characteristics of goodness and honesty. His primary show for holding this picture all through this eighteen-line sonnet is by differentiating contrary energies, for example, the dim with the light or the night with the day. For instance, two alternate extremes are united in the initial two lines of the sonnet supported by the most evident setting of an unmistakable and brilliant, oonlit night in lines 1 and 2 of refrain 1: â€Å"She strolls in excellence, similar to the night† followed by â€Å"Of cloudless climes and brilliant skies† and again in line 3 he additionally contrasts contrary energies and â€Å"dark and bright† (as refered to in Clugston, 2010, area 11. 3, refrain 1). Again in line 7, he analyzes alternate extremes among â€Å"shad e and ray† and among â€Å"more and less† and again between lines 9 and 10 he contrasts â€Å"ravens† and â€Å"lightens† (Clugston, 2010, area 11. 3, refrain 2). His expertise here in doing this sort of differentiating is very amazing and not really the ordinary style of looking at two like things utilized during this sentimentalism period ever. The substance was exceptionally captivating; be that as it may, I likewise found the type of this bit of verse to be connecting by utilization of similitudes, enjambed lines, and the entire idea of the sonnet mirroring the topic all through with sharp perceptions of inward and external magnificence. For instance, he starts to remark on the mix of her resolve qualities in lines 11 and 12 where a word picture is utilized to portray her psyche. He says her â€Å"thoughts† (line 11) are a â€Å"dwelling place† (lines 12) that are both â€Å"pure and dear† (Clugston, 2010, segment 11. 3, verse 2). Ruler Byron utilizes enjambed lines in the opening of the sonnet in light of the fact that there ought not be a break after line 1. Rather the peruser should proceed as far as possible of line 2 immediately which when understood in this way, a musicality is drawn out that makes the initial two lines sound as easy and excellent as the woman’s wonderful appearance. Since the sonnet is about a woman’s easy excellence it is very blade of the writer to appoint a cadenced meter that is offset with her appearance. The sonnet is set in limbic tetrameter with an ABABAB rhyme plot (Shmoop Editorial Team. November 11, 2008). She Walks in Beauty Rhyme, Form and Meter. Recovered May 16, 2011, from http://www. shmoop. com/she-strolls in-excellence/rhyme-structure meter. html). Both the substance and structure were speaking to me; be that as it may, I had a most astounding association with the last refrain in regards to its importance. The most engaging part of refrain 3 is that it is integral to the topic that internal goodness is an impression of outside magnificence. I found that this subject is additionally specifically spoken to in a discourse made toward the finish of William Shakespeare’s lighthearted comedy entitled, â€Å"The Taiming of the Schrew. During the last scene of the play, the character of Kate played by the late Elizabeth Taylor while chiding two partners in regards to how and why they should respect their spouses expressed these words, Why are our bodies delicate, and powerless, and smooth . . . Be that as it may, that our delicate conditions and our hearts Should well concur with our outside parts (SparkNotes Editors, 2002, Analysis: Act V, scene ii). This announcement is an ideal corresponding with the subject for â€Å"She Walks in Beauty† which is that inward goodness is an impression of outer magnificence. She Walks in Beauty† has brilliant substance and structure and the writer keeps up a feeling of authenticity all through while keeping the peruser concentrated on a positive topic that internal goodne ss is an impression of outside excellence. In spite of the fact that it was not the standard to think about contrary energies in verse, Lord Byron decided to investigate this side of artistic composition. In addition, â€Å"She Walks in Beauty† is one of the most paramount types of verse at any point made acknowledging Lord Byron as one of the Romantic period’s remarkable writers. References Clugston, R. W. (2010). Journey into writing. San Diego, California: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Shmoop Editorial Team. (November 11, 2008). She Walks in Beauty Rhyme, Form and Meter. Retrieved May 16, 2011, from http://www.shmoop.com/she-strolls in-magnificence/rhyme-structure meter.html SparkNotes Editors. (2002). SparkNote on The Taming of the Shrew. Recovered May 16, 2011, from http://www.sparknotes.com/shakespeare/wench/

Evaluating the ISO 9001

Assessing the ISO 9001 THE IMPACT OF IMPLEMENTATION OF ISO 9000 ON BUSINESS PERFORMANCE Unique This examination work is planned to assess the ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management System Standard, by going into its recorded point of view, its measurements in meeting quality administration goals and viability in its activity globally. The standard is nonexclusive in nature and can be applied to any sort or association in make/creation, administrations or a mix of these. It is established on eight quality administration rules that are individually, client center, initiative, contribution of individuals, process approach, frameworks way to deal with the executives, consistent improvement, true way to deal with dynamic and commonly advantageous provider connections. Use of these standards can lead an association to keep up reasonable business execution in an exceptionally serious business condition, profiting the association, clients and different partners. Usage of the quality administration framework according to ISO 9001:2008 involves the accompanying advances: * Nominating a pioneer for actualizing the venture * Formulating Quality Policy and Objectives * Providing suitable preparing for all representatives * Conducting hole examination of the associations framework vis-à -vis the Requirements in the norm * Filling the distinguished holes through presentation of new methodology and new records. * Preparing Quality manual and documentation required at various levels. * Conducting inward reviews and the executives surveys * Arranging Third Party Audit if affirmation is proposed. There are varying sentiments about the result of operational advantages of usage of the framework. For the most part, benefits collect to the association if the administration is submitted and do all what are important to include administrators and workers. There is an analysis that numerous associations execute quality administration frameworks out of outer impulses, for example, specification from clients or administrative specialists. It is conceivable that inside responsibility in such cases will be low. On the off chance that that is the situation, the advantages of execution might be negligible. The ISO gauges are willful and are universally mainstream. These are followed in 175 nations on the planet. The quantity of confirmations on ISO 9001 is consistently developing. Associations burning of fulfilling clients and accomplishing persistent upgrades should execute the framework. Structure/system This examination work intends to check just distributed data regarding the matter of ISO 9001: 2008 measures. This will incorporate the verifiable viewpoint of value the executives, advancement of the global gauges, the administration standards incorporated with the guidelines, usage of ISO 9001: 2008 out of an association and its impact on business execution other than the worldwide acknowledgment of the ISO standard. There are books solely managing quality administration, and the subject is shrouded by and large in other administration books, for example, tasks the executives. The chronicled points of view are relied upon to be acquired from these books just as from the site of the International Organization for Standardization. There are well known Journals that are dedicated on specific subjects, for example, the International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, Quality administration and so forth. These diaries contain various research papers identifying with usage of ISO 9000 and the discoveries of researchers on authoritative execution. It is normal that the optional information will enough help the examination destinations. Discoveries ISO 9001: 2008 is the most recent rendition of the universal standard on quality administration. Quality administration norms at first discharged in 1987 and its resulting modification in 1994 were centered around quality affirmation without specific spotlight on clients. Modification made in 2000 and correction in 2008 spotlights on clients and incorporates pertinent TQM standards. There are associations executing ISO 9001 out of sincerity for nonstop enhancements and there are others actualizing it for getting accreditation status to â€Å"signal† clients or for meeting administrative necessities. The examination infers that the individuals who actualize the guidelines with an inside will, completely including supervisors and representatives will be profited and the individuals who execute out outside weights or different superfluous reasons, increase just insignificantly. The ISO 9001 principles are famous worldwide and the quantity of accreditations is developing consistently. Creativity esteem The scientist doesn't guarantee any new discoveries, as the examination has been founded on data as of now in open area. The production will have its own an incentive because of its selective gathering of thoughts. This will be intriguing for perusers who need to get a composite introduction to ISO 9001: 2000 gauges as this distribution gives numerous thoughts in a single spot. Catchphrases Business execution, Customer center, Customer fulfillment, Continual improvement ISO 9000, ISO 9001, ISO 9005, Product acknowledgment, Quality administration, Quality Manual, Quality Policy, Quality targets, Resource Management, Systems approach. Presentation It is the post World-War II business situation that drove associations to perceive the expense of terrible quality, and start the development for improving nature of items and administrations to contend with global players. Over the-fringe business, constrained the individuals who appreciated a secured household market to either sink or swim. Thus, organizations began perceiving the significance of embracing TQM for improved by and large execution. The first ISO 9000 Quality Management System Standard was presented by the International Organization for Standardization in 1987. It is comprehended this was a changed rendition of the then existed British standard BS 5750.The previously set of measures discharged in 1987 for Certification, involves ISO 9001, ISO 9002 and ISO 9003. These were reexamined in 1994. The last two norms were ceased when refreshed in 2000 and in 2008, holding just ISO 9001 with arrangements for avoidances to suit those classes of associations secured by the previous measures of ISO 9002 and 9003. It has been referenced in the board books that there are two ways to deal with building a framework. These are â€Å"building a framework out of parts (the diagnostic approach)† and â€Å"building parts for a framework (the all encompassing approach).† Hanna Mark D. also, Rocky Newman W. in their book on activities the board, 1 express that organizations actualizing TQM should exploit both the methodologies. The creators portray the experience of Ford Motor Company during the late 1970s to mid 1980s about its choice to make own Transmission frameworks by â€Å"cloning† the Mazda Transmission plant 1 Hanna Mark, D Newman, Rocky,W., 2001. Activities Management (p.185) to mostly substitute the framework redistributed to Mazda. The Ford-constructed Transmission frameworks were found to cost a lot higher in meeting guarantee related commitments. At the end of the day the quality expenses of Ford-described frameworks turned as higher. It is clarified that the American representatives characterized a quality part as â€Å"one that was worked to specifications.† The creators report that, when Ford workers were asked with respect to where the particulars originated from, â€Å"employees highlighted the procedure engineers.† The procedure engineers expressed that these originated from the item builds. The item builds accepted that making a particular progressively exact would raise quality, yet at a higher assembling cost and in this manner they composed determinations trading off among adequacy and cost. Passages builds later found that however Mazdas parts were multiple times prone to stray from particulars, â€Å"there was considerably less inconstancy structure part to part.† The all encompassing thinking about the Mazda laborers seemed, by all accounts, to be the essential purpose behind predominant execution. ISO 9001: 2008 quality administration frameworks 2 is proposed empower associations to convey quality items or administrations while ceaselessly improving and upgrading consumer loyalty. The standard is organized to receive the â€Å"Process approach,† and depends on eight standards depicted in the production that stands refreshed as ISO 9000 (2005) 3. These are surely known TQM standards. This exploration means to go diagnostically into the eight standards referenced above and to consider its commitments to the administration framework. 2 ISO 9001:2008, Quality administration frameworks Requirements 3 ISO 9000:2005, Quality administration frameworks Fundamentals and jargon Research Objectives This exploration work has been wanted to examine: (1) Principles behind the Requirements in the standard ISO 9001: 2008 (2) Implementation of ISO 9001: 2008 in associations. (3) Attitudes of business foundations towards execution of ISO 9001: 2008 and its result on business execution (4) Attitude of nations towards ISO 9000. Research Design/Methodology This task has been wanted to depend on optional information on different parts of Quality Management and related data contained in distributions. This will incorporate books, Journals, distributions of the International Organization for Standardization including data accessible on its site and auxiliary information regarding the matter showed by others for business purposes on the Web. Writing Review There are books solely managing Quality Management. There are different books that spread constrained however pertinent viewpoints on quality, for example, contained by and large books on the board. It is normal that these books will give sufficient data. A few productions, for example, norms and supporting distributions are accessible from the International Organization for Standardization. The subject of Quality Management and ISO 9000 are additionally shrouded in mainstream diaries and it is expected to sweep such diaries. More sources

The Issues With Human Progress in Utopian and Dystopian Fiction - Literature Essay Samples

Krishan Kumar claims that HG Wells â€Å"never wrote a proper utopia, in the strict sense†. This may seem a paradoxical statement in regards to the author famed for being the leading apostle of science utopias, and lends itself to the question: â€Å"what is a utopia ‘in the strict sense’?† The term coined by Thomas More in his 1516 novel Utopia has a double meaning. The word is derived from the Greek ÃŽ ¿Ã¡ ½  Ï„ÏÅ'πΠ¿Ãâ€š, meaning â€Å"no place†, though the English homophone â€Å"eutopia† is derived from the Greek ÃŽ µÃ¡ ½â€" Ï„ÏÅ'πΠ¿Ãâ€š, meaning â€Å"good place†. In this sense a true utopia can be interpreted to mean the dream of a place that is perfect, but also unattainable. Wells seems acknowledge this in his novel A Modern Utopia through the phrase, â€Å"Utopias were once in good faith projects for a fresh creation of the world and of a most unworldly completeness; this so-called Modern Utopia is a me re story of personal adventures among Utopian Philosophies.† Wells’s depiction of society is that of â€Å"Utopian Philosophies† put into practice and as a result there are flaws – in fact there is a chapter dedicated to â€Å"Failure in a Modern Utopia.† In acting out utopian dreams we inevitably encounter imperfections, and from this the â€Å"Anti-Utopia†, or dystopia is born. The twentieth century saw a shift from a Victorian interest in utopia towards a marked increase in dystopias and Wells’s A Modern Utopia (1905) is a pivotal moment in this transition from dreams to the practical limitations of reality. William Morris’s News from Nowhere (1890) is an example of the utopic dream. Humanity has reached a point of fulfillment where happiness and beauty are ubiquitous, evil is almost non-existent and even the hardships of labor have become a pleasure: â€Å"The more you see of us, the clearer it will be to you that we are happy. That we live amidst beauty without any fear of becoming effeminate; that we have plenty to do, and on the whole enjoy doing it†¦ [England] is now a garden, where nothing is wasted and nothing is spoilt, with the necessary dwellings, sheds and workshops scattered up and down the country, all trim and neat and pretty.† This passage’s description of a garden with nothing but happiness and beauty is reminiscent of the Garden of Eden; it looks away from Morris’s contemporary Victorian industrialism in an attempt to reclaim the world as it was before the fall. Morris is well aware that his utopia is impossible to achieve, and the titleà ¢â‚¬â„¢s description of this world as â€Å"Nowhere† clearly shows this intended irony. HG Wells is somewhat critical of creating an inaccessible paradise: â€Å"Were we free to have our untrammelled desire, I suppose we should follow Morris to his Nowhere, we should change the nature of man and the nature of things altogether; we should make the whole race wise, tolerant, noble, perfect – wave our hands to a splendid anarchy, every man doing as it pleases him, and none pleased to do evil, in a world as good in its essential nature, as ripe and sunny, as the world before the fall.† He believes it is more worthwhile to attempt to create a formula which steps away from the generalities of previous utopias in the direction of real human nature. Morris himself concedes that his Nowhere is not a vision or projection of the trajectory of human progress, but an idealised dream. Morris is able to reject any form of government or judicial system by removing any form of i nherent evil from humanity. Wells, however, wishes to tread the line between idealism and a society that can be practically achieved without the need to modify human disposition: â€Å"Our proposal here is upon a more practical plane at least than that. We are to restrict ourselves first to the limitations of human possibility as we know them in men and women of this world today, and then to all the inhumanity, all the insubordination of nature.† Wells’s utopia may not be a traditional utopia, but its imperfections don’t quite reach the point of dystopia. Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World extrapolates a few Wellsian ideas, projecting aspects of A Modern Utopia far into the future and displaying his concern over how a society of this form may fail. The title is a quotation from Miranda in Shakespeare’s The Tempest: â€Å"O, wonder! / How many goodly creatures are there here! / How beauteous mankind is! O brave new world, / That has such people in’t!† There is dramatic irony in this passage in that many of the people Miranda sees here for the first time have been shown not to be such good-hearted men, and in her naivety she cannot conceive their flaws. By adopting this for the title of his novel, Huxley is commenting on the naivety of his contemporaries and those such as Wells who failed to see the negative possibilities of the way in which their culture was developing. Wells continued in the Victorian vein of believing in the continuous development of science and technology, but also the progression of governm ent: â€Å"The State is to be progressive, it is no longer to be static†. Huxley’s extension of this is the assumption that society must inevitably reach a point of fulfilment, both in governance and mechanisation. The Controller, Mustapha Mond, voices this idea: â€Å"It’s curious†¦ to read what people in the time of Our Ford used to write about scientific progress. They seem to have imagined that it could be allowed to go on indefinitely, regardless of everything else.† He believes that the constant drive to satiate desires through the development of technology leads us towards a distorted vision of happiness. Life becomes too easy, and as a result of this simple stasis emotion, passion and love are incompatible with the culture of dulled pleasure. Huxley is concerned that the incessant mechanisation of humanity removes all the components of life’s daily difficulties, but in the process it also removes the true beauties of existence: â€Å" Our world is not the same as Othello’s world†¦ you can’t make tragedies without social instability†, says Mond, â€Å"Universal happiness keeps the wheels steadily turning; truth and beauty can’t.† Huxley is criticising this very idea of happiness. It is a sterile existence, undeniably without pain and suffering, but also without the major influences that characterise human nature. The Controller tries to convince the Savage that this modern world is a utopia: â€Å"People are happy; they get what they want, and they never want what they can’t get. They’re well off; they’re safe; they’re never ill; they’re not afraid of death; they’re blissfully ignorant of passion and old age; they’re plagued with no mothers or fathers; they’ve got no wives, or children, or loves to feel strongly about; they’re so conditioned that they practically can’t help behaving as they ought to behave . And if anything should go wrong, there’s soma.† Essentially he explains that the depths of life have been removed, but ignores the fact that the heights have been too. It is in many ways reminiscent of The Birth of Tragedy in that Nietzsche claims societies with the most upheaval and sensitivity produce the finest works – true beauty and tragedy cannot be fulfilled unless the horrors of the Dionysiac spirit can be perceived. In response to this the Savage refutes this disfigured image of happiness and claims back human nature, â€Å"I don’t want comfort. I want God, I want poetry, I want real danger, I want freedom, I want goodness. I want sin.† George Orwell aptly summarizes this in saying, â€Å"though everyone is happy in a vacuous way, life has become so pointless that it is difficult to believe that such a society could endure†. It is symbolic that the Savage returns to nature at the end of the novel, working the land by hand without the need for machinery. George Orwell believed that Huxley was aiming his criticism at â€Å"the implied aims of industrial civilisation,† and this most clear in this reversal of progress and rejection of mechanization. Thomas Hardy felt that industrialization detracted from humanity through its separation from nature, and this is made evident by the â€Å"engine-man† in Tess of the D’Urbervilles (1891): â€Å"His thoughts being turned inwards upon himself†¦ hardly perceiving the scenes around him, and caring for them not at all; holding only strictly necessary intercourse with the natives†¦ The long strap which ran from the driving wheel of his engine to the red thresher under the rick was the sole tie-line between agriculture and him.† This introspective and callous attitude represents the tunnel vision of urbanization: progress for progress’s sake without consideration for the flaws that modernity may bring. The worker is connected to the outside world only by a â€Å"sole tie-line† and this detachment leads to a lack of care. Huxley was writing forty years later than Hardy and it appears the march of mechanized progress had developed into an even more significant concern. Morris’s News from Nowhere was published just a year before Tess, and conveys concerns with his contemporaries’ progress in a decidedly different way to Huxley. Rather than projecting industrialization into the future and showing its follies, Morris’s Nowhere is closer to a pastoral and paradisaical Arcadia of the middle-ages. Clive Wilmer states, â€Å"a dream set in a real or possible place may invite attention to the shortcomings of contemporary reality†, and Morris’s dream is unmistakably England. By placing the protagonist in a place he knows well, but that has undergone much change, Morris is able to lucidly contrast his utopia with contemporary Victorian England, and thereby criticize the latter. The most evident difference is the rejuvenation of nature and reduction of mechanization: â€Å"The soap-works with their smoke-vomiting chimneys were gone; the engineer’s works gone; the lead-works gone; and no sound o f riveting and hammering came down the west wind from Thorneycroft’s.† Morris views this new world as purged of evil, and one of the primary reasons for this is that man is reunited with nature: â€Å"Was not their mistake once more bred of the life of slavery that they had been living? – a life which was always looking upon everything, except mankind, animate and inanimate – â€Å"nature†, as people used to call it – as one thing, and mankind as another. It was natural to people thinking in this way, that they should try to make â€Å"nature† their slave, since they thought â€Å"nature† was something outside them.† This complements Hardy’s notion that industrialization causes a rift between man and nature, and that this rift can be the source of man’s callous disposition in relation to progress. In Morris’s utopia humanity has come to accept its position as a part of nature, and this enables them to take pleasure in their work and thereby achieve happiness in all aspects of life – leisure and labor. By slowing the march of human progress to a standstill, Morris is able to criticize the blind forward movement of industrialization. One can criticize human progress by showing its folly in a dystopic world, but also by contrasting it to the perfect equilibrium of a static utopia. Labour saving machinery is taken to the utmost extremes in EM Forster’s short dystopia The Machine Stops (1909). It is an early response to Wells’s idea that machinery can be constantly improved to the benefit of mankind. Machinery’s aim was to make life easier and satiate humanity’s everyday wants and needs; Forster imagines a society where this is taken to the furthest point, and as a result humanity has no desires outside of the Machine and exists in a static fulfillment achieved by mechanization. Human progress reaches a state where it has been consumed by technology and humanity has lost relationships with one another and nature. George Orwell describes the Machine as â€Å"the genie that man has thoughtlessly let out of its bottle and cannot be put back†, and it is this fear of loss of control that Forster voices. Kuno, the protagonist’s revolutionary son, tries to appeal to his contemporaries: â€Å"Cannot you see, cannot all you lecturers seem that it is we that are dying, and that down here the only thing that really lives is the Machine? We created the Machine, to do our will, but we cannot make it do our will now†¦The Machine develops but not on our lines. The Machine proceeds – but not to our goal. We only exist as the blood corpuscles that course through its arteries, and if it could work without us, it would let us die.† The death he refers to is not a literal loss of life, but a loss of cont rol over the individual’s own humanity. As technology replaces the age-old idea of bringing people to things with bringing things to people, the need to interact is negated. One can spend a lifetime in one room, only communicating via the Machine and being sustained only by the Machine. Humanity becomes consumed, and in the body of the Machine life is dulled. Forster is concerned with man’s obsessive compulsion to replace life with technology: walking is replaced by airships (an extension of rail), communication by a form of video call (an extension of the telephone) and even music becomes synthetic (an extension of the radio). By displaying a world blurred by mechanization, he warns that the eagerness to adopt technology may lead to ruin: â€Å"Man, the flower of all flesh, the noblest of all creatures visible, man who had once made god in his image, and had mirrored his strength on the constellations, beautiful naked man was dying, strangled in the garments that he had woven.† It is the naà ¯ve arrogance of human progress that Forster criticizes – the idea that man is so perfect, so divine that he can create a substitute for nature, for God. The progress that George Orwell is concerned with is less related to technology. Jenni Calder claims, â€Å"Orwell saw power politics, not science, as the major threat to mankind† and Orwell explains the defeat of the importance of science in Nineteen Eighty-Four: â€Å"In the early twentieth century†¦ science and technology were developing at a prodigious speed, and it seemed natural to assume that they would go on developing. This failed to happen, partly because of the impoverishment caused by a long series of wars and revolutions, partly because scientific and technical progress depended on the empirical habit of thought, which could not survive in a strictly regimented society. As a whole the world is more primitive than it was fifty years ago.† The Victorian and early twentieth century confidence in technology had been rattled by two World Wars and multiple revolutions. While mechanization was seen to be a threat, its force had been witnessed in the form of t he atomic bomb and there was more belief in technologies capability for destruction than progress. Orwell thus feared more for the growing power of extremist governments. During a brief period of the Second World War Orwell believed there could be a genuine movement towards equality, but in the post-War ashes he lost all faith. The Labour Government elected in England in 1945 did not effect the radical changes he wished for and his progress through Holland, France and Germany following the allied armies in 1945 shocked him to the core. Nineteen Eighty-Four was a magnified projection of a present that contained Stalinism and an immediate past of Nazism; it is self-evident that Orwell was concerned that the future of humanity could fall into the hands of a draconian totalitarianist government. O’Brien captures the violence and oppression of this political progression in the line, â€Å"If you want a picture of the future, imagine a boot stamping on a human face — forever.† Brave New World’s political system is form of milder totalitarian government that avoids the need for violent oppression by psychological and biological co nditioning. The castes from World Controllers and Alphas to Epsilon semi-morons are a parody of HG Wells’s idea of the Samurai, an educated ruling class, and the division of society into the Poietic, the Kinetic, the Dull and the Base. Wells was interested in the idea of â€Å"eugenics† based on theories developed in Darwin’s Origin of the Species. This selective breeding to create an ideal society is extrapolated in Brave New World in that all babies are created to fit into a given caste. As a result of this, one of the fundamental human relationships – that between a mother and her child – is destroyed. â€Å"Viviparous† reproduction is regarded with such contempt even the word mother is considered an obscenity. This breakdown of human relationship can be seen in The Machine Stops (â€Å"Parents, duties of,† said the book of the Machine, â€Å"cease at the moment of birth. P.422327483†) and Nineteen Eighty-Four: â€Å"Nearly all children nowadays were horrible. What was worst of all was that by means of such organizations as the Spies they were systematically turned into ungovernable little savages, and yet this produced in them no tendency whatever to rebel against the discipline of the Party. On the contrary, they adored the Party and everything connected with it†¦ All their ferocity was turned outwards, against the enemies of the State, against foreigners, traitors, saboteurs, thought-criminals. It was almost normal for people over thirty to be frightened of their own children.† The childrens’ loyalty to the party but hatred towards even their own parents is an example of how the Party channels relationships between individuals into a single relationship w ith the state. Communicating, even thinking and feeling, become irrelevant concepts. The one remaining relationship between the State and its citizens is the relationship between power and its victims. As familial love is removed from society it remains that passionate, sexual love is also be negated. Sexual promiscuity in Brave New World is encouraged to the extent that it removes any affiliation between the physical act and an emotional connection. Sex becomes mechanical; Lenina even describes herself as â€Å"pneumatic†, while rubbing her thighs. DH Lawrence, writing at a similar time, laid down his opinion about his contemporaries and sex in A Propos of Lady Chatterley’s Lover: â€Å"Culture and civilisation have taught us to separate the word from the deed, the thought from the act or the physical reaction. We now know that the act does not necessarily follow on the thought. In fact, thought and action, word and deed are two separate forms of consciousness, two separate lives which we lead. We need, very sincerely, to keep a connection.† This distortion of sex is an idea Lawrence is very concerned with, and attributes much of the cause of it to be industrialization. The description of miners as â€Å"weird distorted, smallish beings like men† in Lady Chatterley’s Lover is an example of dehumanization that Lawrence believes is a result of mechanization. Considered in this light, Brave New World can be seen to be concerned with the human progression of sexual relationships. In addition to portrayin g the soulless nature of sex, Huxley implies that the state fears that love could divide allegiances. An important factor of the totalitarian government is that society is of much greater importance than the individual. Love empowers individuals, and as a result the state wishes to eradicate that danger through excessive promiscuity. It is also a form of channeling any desire into harmless physical acts, rather than directing passion against the government. In the words of Calder, â€Å"Huxley visualises sex as a means of consuming excess energy, Orwell sexual repression as a means of generating it†. The energy generated in Orwell’s dystopia is directed away from the Party towards figures such as Goldstein, or the enemy powers of Eurasia or Eastasia. The Party’s issue with sex was not merely that the sex instinct creates a world of its own which is outside their control; sexual repression builds into hatred that is transformed into â€Å"war –fever† and â€Å"leader-worship†. Julia describes this: â€Å"The way she put it was: ‘When you make love you’re using up energy; and afterwards you feel happy and don’t give a damn for anything. They can’t bear you to feel like that. They want you to be bursting with energy all the time. All this marching up and down and cheering and waving flags is simply sex gone sour.† There are mass rallies and public hangings and the Two Minutes Hate, and all these are outlets for sexual repression, while serving the double purpose of allowing the individual to forget himself and strengthen the power of the Party. Distorting perceptions of sex and associating it with hatred diminish human relationships, and it is these relationships that make humanity what it is. Humanity and morality are defined by relationships, and Winston comes to realize this: â€Å"What mattered were individual relationships, and a completely helpless gesture, an embrace, a tear, a word spoken to a dying man, could have value in itself†¦ The proles had stayed human. They had not become hardened inside†¦ ‘The proles are human beings,’ he said aloud. ‘We are not human.’† This moment is epiphanic as he comes to the conviction that all the Party’s efforts to remain in complete control dehumanize the population. It is â€Å"primitive emotions† that make up humanity, and the state forces these to be repressed and ultimately destroyed. Orwell shows a concern that human progress runs the risk of developing in such a political direction that society could become dehumanized. The object of political power in Oceania is to eliminate memory and self-consciousness in order to perpetuate political power, and by eliminating memo ry and self-consciousness one loses humanity. Party control forces repressed memories, isolation and destruction of connection; it eliminates human feeling. This loss of humanity is symbolized by the physical transformation that happens to Winston: â€Å"A bowed, grey-colored skeleton-like thing was coming towards him. Its actual appearance was frightening, and not merely the fact that he knew it to be himself. He moved closer to the glass. The creature’s face seemed to be protruded, because of its bent carriage. A forlorn, jailbird’s face with a nobby forehead running back into a bald scalp, a crooked nose, and battered-looking cheekbones above which the eyes were fierce and watchful.† He is unrecognizable. He is not the traditional rosy color of life, nor the wan color associated with death, but an inhuman grey. He has become misshapen and alien, just like his emotions and even appears similar to the survivors of a Nazi concentration camp. All sense of humanit y, physical and emotional, has been drawn out or disfigured beyond recognition. The concerns of industrialization, the breakdown of human relations and political power are all united in that they are forms of dehumanization. I have shown how Orwell’s dystopian politics destroy humanity, and how Forster’s world becomes absorbed into machinery. In Brave New World it is evident that savagery has been removed, but so have the imagination and creativity that make up humanity. In a world of satiated desires â€Å"civilisation has no need of nobility or heroism. These things are symptoms of political inefficiency†, says the Controller. It is this mechanical efficiency that leaves no room for the truth and beauty integral to human life. Even Morris’s News from Nowhere criticizes a society that has separated itself from nature, and is therefore moving towards mechanization without emotion. Overall these dystopias and utopias are a way of highlighting concern with their contemporary worlds by either contrast or projection of progressions that can already be seen. Most of these concerns of human progress in the early twentieth and late nineteenth centuries regard the fear that society’s view of a better future runs the risk of developing too far from values that are vital to human happiness.

Terrorism Threat In South Asia And Its Implications International Law Essay - Free Essay Example

Almost no week goes by when in India innocent lives are not lost to terrorist attacks. The horrific terrorist attack on Mumbai in November 2008 has underscored the nature of the terrorist threat in South Asia. The spread of terrorism in South Asian region has been rampant over the last few decades. While India battles with the terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir to insurgency in North East and the Maoist attacks in central India the others in the region are not left untouched. For eg Nepal has seen the spread of Maoists beyond control, Sri Lanka faced the worst kind of insurgency and finally overcame but at a huge cost to human lives, while Pakistan, which encouraged increased fundamentalism and militancy in the tribal areas, is now becoming a target of its homegrown terrorist movements.  [1]  The list of heinous terrorist attacks in different countries of the region is endless while the region is turning into the breeding ground for terrorist due to poverty, poor governance and geopolitical tensions which are peculiar to the region. Therefore it is imperative to tackle the problem at the regional level in order to find any lasting solution to the problem. Diverse Categories of Terrorist Groups. South Asia has been a victim of violence perpetrated by a myriad of groups with d iverse objectives and varied ideologies, which can be categorized as under  [2]  :- Nationalists. These are those motivated by nationalist ideologies. The most prominent of these have been ones focused on the political future of Kashmir in India.  [3]  Most of the violence can be attributed to three groups, viz, Hizbul Mujahideen, Lashkar-e-Toiba (LeT), and Jaish-e-Mohammad (JEM). Of the three, the latter two, LeT and JEM draw most of their recruits from Pakistan. Religious Extremists  [4]  . The main geographical area in which this is prevalent is the Afghan-Pakistan border. Al Qaida which continues to threaten the peace and stability in the world at large is believed conducting its activities through this region. Although the core centre of religious extremism is pointed at Pakistan and Afghanistan by the world community but it spread to other countries like Bangladesh is very much a reality which is proved by a spate of terrorist attack from there. The convergen ce of religious fundamentalist along with organized crime groups, national or transnational, thus adds additional dimension of complexity to the terrorist threat in the region. Ethno-Nationalist Separatists. Separatist groups are active in every country in the subcontinent. The past struggle between the LTTE and the government of Sri Lanka remains one of the bloodiest insurgencies in South Asia. Separatist movements are also present in Pakistans Balochistan and Sindh provinces, Indias Jammu and Kashmir and Northeastern provinces, and Bangladeshs Chittagong Hill Tracts. Although most of the violence in each of these conflicts is internal, it has the potential to spill over into neighboring provinces. Cross-border ethnic sub-nationalism is one of the main sources of mistrust on the subcontinent.  [5] Failure of Regional Mechanism to Counter Threat The counterterrorism efforts of regional bodies, such as the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC), have often been marginalised due to mistrust among the states. Although both bodies have devised potentially useful counterterrorism instruments, few such measures have been translated into action by the member states. Measures Initiated by SAARC. SAARC has been ahead of many regional bodies in the adoption of legal instruments for fight against terrorism. Its regional convention on the suppression of terrorism in 1987 includes a definition of terrorist acts and calls for greater regional cooperation on legal issues, including evidence sharing, extradition, and information and expertise exchange.  [6]  In an additional Protocol updated in 2002 it incorporated into the original convention the obligations of states under UN Security Council Resolution 1373, adopted in the aftermath of 9/11. A not very encouraging sign in the protocol is its focus on law-enforcement or hard security measures. To further the implementation of the provisions in its convention, SAARC created the Terrorist Offences Monitoring Desk (STOMD) in Colombo, Sri Lanka. However despite the appearance of counterterrorism on the agenda and the creation of STOMD, there has been little forward movement beyond the rhetorical level. There are widely held suspicions that the intelligence agencies of various South Asian states have designs on their neighbours territories, or facilitate insurgent movements to entrench political rivals in asymmetric warfare, and this further fuels the reluctance to share information and resources.  [7]  Due such suspicions and tensions among member states few of the counterterrorism instruments and commitments adopted by SAARC in its more than twenty year history have been translated into action by its members. One recent example is the apparent unwillingness of Pakistan to extradite to India those suspected of involvement in the 2008 Mumbai attacks, despite the existence of these instruments. Importance of BIMSTEC. The other important organization in the region to coordinate the fight against terrorism is the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sector Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) which includes Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. It was founded in 1997 with an aim to facilitate cooperation in areas such as trade and investment, technology, energy, transportation, communications, and tourism. In its 2004 Summit Declaration BIMSTEC expressed concern about the threat of terrorism to regional trade and urged all member states to coordinate their efforts by exchanging information and cooperating in the ongoing efforts of the international community to combat terrorism in all its forms. In order to coordinate the sub regional effort a Counter Terrorism and Transnational Crime Se ctor (CTTCS) was established. Though yet to establish a headquarters or permanent Secretariat, BIMSTEC has been slow to get many of its programs off the ground. The real weakness or strength depending on the perspective lies in the absence of Pakistan from the association. While this makes easier to forge consensus, but limits the region wide promotion of counter terrorism cooperation in the region. Relevance of Counter Terrorism Strategy in South Asia While any meaningful progress within SAARC has been held hostage to the tensions between South Asias two largest rivals, BIMSTEC faces limitations, both in terms of its capacity as an organization and its utility in promoting region-wide counterterrorism cooperation because Pakistan is not a member.  [8]  Therefore the limitations of SAARC and BIMSTEC point to the importance of the United Nations and its role in promoting counterterrorism cooperation and capacity-building activities in the region in the framework of the United Nations Counter Terrorism Strategy. This provides an opportunity for United Nations to shape a regional response to terrorism, using the holistic United Nations Strategy as an entry point for enhanced engagement in the region. The terrorist attacks in Mumbai in November 2008 has made it very clear that strengthening counterterrorism cooperation in South Asia must be a top priority as it is not only a threat to national security, but to regional stability and international peace as well. Subsequent paragraphs highlight the relevance of each pillar of the Strategy for South Asia and the role that the different organizations of the United Nations system, many of which now form the entities of CTITF, can play.  [9] Pillar I: Measures to Address Conditions Conducive to the Spread of Terrorism. While these objectives of the Pillar 1 are long term, the strategy does highlight some specific ways in which different elements of the United Nations system can contribute towards the fulfilment of the Pillar I objectives which are enumerated in subsequent paragraphs.  [10] United Nations initiative to promote cross-cultural understanding through UNESCO and enhance inter and intra faith dialogue and dialogue among different communities, the Strategy encourages the United Nations system as a whole to increase cooperation and assistance in the fields of law, human rights and good governance, to support sustained economic and social develop ment. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has made an effort to address inequities in development and access to resources thereby improving governance and respect for the rule of law in South Asia. It has contributed to undermining the chronic poverty, inequality, and social injustices which fuel much of the political violence in the region. United Nations has played an important role in conflict prevention and crisis management. In South Asia, the United Nations has missions in Nepal and Afghanistan and a military observer group deployed along the Line of Control in India and Pakistan. The UN Mission in Nepal (UNMIN) provides an example of where the United Nations has played a largely constructive role in monitoring ceasefire arrangements and providing technical support for the conduct of the election of a Constituent Assembly in a free and fair atmosphere. Pillar II : Measures to Prevent and Combat Terrorism. The second pillar of the United Nations Strategy includ es a series of short-term, preventative measures that states are to take to address the terrorist threat. While all states in the region have taken some steps to implement the measures elaborated in the Strategys second pillar, particularly when it comes to enhancing national criminal justice and other law-enforcement responses. Examples include the adoption of an anti-money-laundering (AML) ordinance in Pakistan by presidential decree in September 2007, the enactment of a range of counterterrorism laws and the establishment of a Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) in Sri Lanka and the computerization of some checkpoints along Indias borders. Bangladesh has also taken steps to guard against terrorist financing under AML legislation. Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC) and its Counter-Terrorism Executive Directorate (CTED), which play an important role in furthering the implementation of this pillar have so far visited three countries in South Asia i.e Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan. Du ring these visits it has not only discussed law enforcement, border, and other security-related issues, but issues related to the prevention of radicalization and extremism such as school curricula and other education reforms, pursuant to the part of its mandate derived from Security Council Resolution 1624 which calls upon states to take measures to prevent radicalization and incitement to terrorism and promote dialogue among cultures and religions.  [11] Pillar III: Measures to Build States Capacity to Prevent and Combat Terrorism and to Strengthen the Role of the United Nations in this Regard. South Asia confronts enormous development challenges including widespread poverty and over population. Therefore the region faces capacity challenges in trying to implement the United Nations Strategy as well as in developing and implementing national counterterrorism strategies and initiatives. The ability of countries in the region to implement the Strategy is further compromised by underdevelopment, especially in the border areas, as well as poor governance, unemployment, corruption, and the lack of trust and limited cross-border cooperation. More generally, many South Asian states have strong central governments, but are weak at the local levels and poor at delivering goods and services to their populations. Thus, for example, law enforcement and other criminal justice officials may be very capable at the national level, significant shortfalls exist at the local level, in terms of numbers, training, and equipment. Pillar III of the Strategy is thus of critical importance for South Asia as efforts are made to translate the holistic UN Strategy into action on the ground.  [12] Pillar IV: Measures to Ensure Respect for Human Rights for all and the Rule of Law as the Fundamental Basis of the Fight against Terrorism. The introduction of special or extraordinary laws to address terrorism can be particularly detrimental to the protection of human rights, as they can lead to long term institutionalization of oppression and foster a culture of impunity within state security forces and agencies. In India, for example, the government repealed the 2002 Prevention of Terrorism Act (POTA) to institute more humane reforms. In Pakistan, Suppression of Terrorist Activities Ordinance, 1975, was challenged on human-rights grounds. The Act was then repealed and replaced by the Anti-terrorism Act of 1997, which, among other things, created special antiterrorist courts. In the light of capacity and political challenges and the lack of an effective intergovernmental human rights mechanism on the subcontinent, the role of the United Nations system is particularly important. This makes the OHCHRs stated plans to establish a regional office in South Asia of particular significance. Among the countries that would be covered by this office are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, and Sri Lanka.  [13] The Way Ahead While it is clear the key role that United Nations is playing to shape a regional response against terrorism in the South Asian region but there is still a huge scope to foster peace and stability in the region. There are certain recommendations that the global body needs to institute in order to link the counter terrorism strategy more closely to the needs of the South Asian region. South Asian region requires a more tailor made organisation to fight terrorism considering the political and regional complexities of the region. Since there is very little cooperation among the states and certain states even sponsor terrorism to promote their aspirations there is need for more coercive policy of the Security Council against states which still promote fundamentalism and militancy to account for their actions under Chapter VII. United Nations should build on increasing recognition of the importance of combating terrorism, conflict, and political violence in South Asia to forge str onger cooperation on the implementation of the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy between the United Nations and South Asia, and within the region itself. SAARC leaders should provide full support to Strategy and initiate a approach to implement measures proposed by the Strategy to counter the conditions conducive to terrorism, prevent and combat terrorism, build state capacity, and streamline a human rights approach to all counterterrorism measures. Greater consideration should be given to conducting UN counterterrorism country visits which should probably use the General Assemblys UN Strategy as a framework rather Chapter VII mandate. Such an approach might allow for more holistic United Nations engagement with South Asia on counterterrorism issues, but lower the political temperature of the visit and thus enhance its technical focus. UNODCs Terrorism Prevention Branch should seek to ramp up the provision of technical assistance to criminal justice officials in South Asia regarding the ratification and implementation of the sixteen international conventions and protocols related to terrorism. For example, it could seek to bring together criminal justice practitioners from all countries in the region for common training sessions that would allow for the expert to expert contacts that are essential to building cross-border trust. A significant step toward protection human rights while countering terrorism in South Asia should be an OHCHR organized seminar that brings together not only representatives of foreign ministries, national human rights institutions, and nongovernmental organizations from countries in the region, but also security and law-enforcement officials from throughout South Asia. Such a forum would provide an excellent opportunity for government and nongovernment experts from the region to exchange experiences, challenges, and best practices in addressing the common terrorist threat in a manner that is consistent with human rights no rms.  [14] Summary Given the complexity of the threat, the geopolitical animosities on the subcontinent, and the development challenges in the region, South Asia region is an apt place for terrorist groups to further their cause without difficulty. There is a strong need for a holistic approach to address the terrorist threats confronting the region which includes includes both hard and soft and short and long term measures, to combat a transnational threat and emergent non state actors. In the absence of a meaningful regional framework to facilitate the cooperation necessary to respond to and prevent future terrorist acts there is a need to develop an effective regional counter terrorism response. Consequently, it can be argued that the United Nations is well placed to stimulate greater regional cooperation on counter terrorism, especially given its comparative advantages as a result of its neutrality, expertise, and stature in the global world. Having analysed all aspects of the UN Global Counte r Terrorism Strategy and its relevance in the South Asian region, there is requirement to list out certain logical recommendations in light of the shortcomings observed in the strategy.

Student Accommodation Tends to Be Less Volatile than Other...

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Geographic areas are the most promising feature that attracts foreign students to enrol in European countries, especially the UK. The figures represent that 48% of the students enrol from North America. With this figure, another important aspect is present that explains how America only enrols 22% of the international students and 48% of the local citizens of America prefer to study in other European countries. The internationalization of universities has helped in attracting more international students in the countries. The UK has a promising feature that explains that the students will have a higherShow MoreRelatedUnited Arab of Emirates Country Notebook18844 Words   |  76 Pagestemperatures in January and February are between 10 and 14  °C . During the late summer months, a humid southeastern wind known as the Sharqi makes the coastal region particularly unpleasant. 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Skills Inventory - 1014 Words

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Shame is related to negative reactions in interpersonal conflicts (Balcom, 1991)Read MoreEssay on Brs Mdm3 Tif Ch121696 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Managerial Decision Modeling w/ Spreadsheets, 3e (Balakrishnan/Render/Stair) Chapter 12 Inventory Control Models 12.1 Chapter Questions Use this information to answer the following questions. A bakery buys sugar in 15-pound bags. The bakery uses 5000 bags of sugar each year. Carrying costs are $20 per bag per year. Ordering costs are estimated at $5 per order. Assume that the bakery is open 250 days a year and its daily demand is estimated at 20 bags. It takes 5 days for each orderRead MoreCase 1-1 Ribbons and Bows1593 Words   |  7 PagesThe major issue however, was that Carmen had spent more cash on the sewing machine, rent, employee wages and inventory, when compared with starting cash and the revenue that the business had generated (Appendix I: Income Statement). Carmen Diaz had encountered what has been described as â€Å"one of the most severe problems in microenterprise cost management† and that is the management of inventory (Datar, 2009). DESCRIPTION OF ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS According to Datar (2009), â€Å"access to financial capitalRead MoreWhy I Should Be A Supply Chain Manager953 Words   |  4 Pagesplanning, purchasing of goods, producing, inventory, customer service and more. I want to work as a supply chain manager at Hewlett Packard in three to five years. It will be extremely hard to get a job in there. I should study harder and effort more. This is five steps that I should be done before submitting a resume at Hewlett Packard. To getting this career job, first of all, I need study much harder than now to get better grade in school. I know my English skill is bad, and it is my weakness. SpeakingRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Inventory Management1147 Words   |  5 Pagesplans of major customers. Allowing the local office to control and manage their inventory levels fosters a sense of ownership and control that can be desirable. On the negative side, with decentralization, local personnel may lack well developed inventory management skills and operate on a highly subjective basis, even when sophisticated tools are available. Local personnel without a global view may try to manage inventory by discretion rather than by formula. There can also be a tendency to overreactRead MoreA Note On Leadership And Management Essay961 Words   |  4 Pagesonly needs to be professional in the field, but also needs to balance the relationship between all team members. A good leader needs to succeed the following qualities: Strong independent working skills The ability to withstand the high working pressure Responsibility and patience Good communication skill The ability to listen and understand members? opinion The ability of judgment and the ability to teach the staff The ability to energize members What?s more, the manager can adopt the following measuresRead MoreOperation Control755 Words   |  4 Pagesin a master production schedule Aggregate planning Strategies 1. Use inventories to absorb changes in demand 2. Accommodate changes by varying workforce size 3. Use part-timers, overtime, or idle time to absorb changes 4. Use subcontractors and maintain a stable workforce 5. Change prices or other factors to influence demand Capacity Options †¢ Changing inventory levels o Increase inventory in low demand periods to meet high demand in the future o Increases costs

The World Of Social Media Essay - 1313 Words

Welcome to the marvelous world of social media –where today youth live in a creative identity to an audience who have also promoted a different personality. Were young peoples’ are living and growing up with a global society’s culture changing what they do and who they are. Adolescence are learning to construct their ideal self. These devices compel teenager to a whole new world state of the self, devices and apps becoming part of young people lives. A generation were checking in and posting the location of their next citation, taking pictures of their meal, or most common snapping a selfie, is most important that the moment. These devices are shaping and expressing the revision of teenager identity and where they stand in the society global culture. The device one carries around promotion and presentation a person differently. Who we are is often different than who we really are on the internet. Teenager are creating the ideal self, what they believe is appro priate according to the societal standpoint. Promoting our self what we want others to see. â€Å"I believe who we are on the Internet is not a true showing of who we are actually are as a person â€Å"added Greg Cistulli. When a person promotes their self ideally their bragging who they are and what they want others to be jealous of. Tending to promote their self creates a representation of who they want to be. Creating a sense of belonging to the social media world. Their adaptingShow MoreRelatedThe World Of Social Media Essay1388 Words   |  6 PagesI AM FEMEN. This popular phrase scattered across the global technological world of social media to convey Femen’s message. It’s safe to say that when Millennials envision Ukrainian women, we automatically hit our default button and imagine prostitutes in consideration of popular cinematic movies portray them in this way. The nation then came to an abrupt stop while scrolling through trendy media outlets, such as Twi tter or Facebook, to see pictures of topless young women wearing painted word artRead MoreThe World Of Social Media Sites981 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many similarities and differences the world of social media sites. The top trending social media sites are Facebook, Instagram, Vine, and Twitter. All of these sites come together and out due each other with the use of Hashtag, Likes, Revines, and adding filters to photos. Instagram is a mobile social media app; Instagram can only be downloaded from the IOS market or the android market. IG short for Instagram is a way to take photos and share your moments from your phone. Instagram allowsRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On The World Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pages1990’s, many people across the world truly believed that Jan. 1, 2000 would bring the end of the world with it. While this was far from true, the ease of access to information that came with the turn of the century still brought upon unbelievable changes to the world as many people had known it to be. One of the biggest changes is the evolution of advertising from print and TV, to now include audiences across the internet through the use of social media marketing. Social media has truly had an immenseRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On The World849 Words   |  4 PagesSocial media has advanced throughout the years emerging into many lives in differing ways. When I think about social media all the apps on my phone come to mind such as Instagram, Facebook, and YouTube. On a daily basis I access these sites a multiplicity of times as everyone else in the world do as well. No matter where we are in the world, one thing we are for sure united by is the strength of social media that brings us all together. YouTube is a huge platform that has content uploaded from allRead MoreUse Of Social Media On The World1721 Words   |  7 Pagesyour family, it is silent, and you are thoroughly intrigued in your Twitter feed. You decide to take a snapchat, instead of being present in the moment. You argue through text with your best friend, instead of meeting and talking it out. In our world today, technology is a necessity. Smartphones have given people the ability to connect globally, through apps, allowing us to connect to those we could not before. It may seem hard to believe, but technological communication was only apparent afterRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impac t On The World875 Words   |  4 PagesIn a world where the majority spent their time on social media to communicate, gather news, view/post videos, and post images. Twitter is one of the most used social media platforms in which people use to interact with the world. In allowing people to post 140 characters, videos, and images gives power to the users to spread their thoughts around the world. Having the ability to reach people all round the world makes news of sports, world, and entertainment. On November of 2014 the greatest catchRead MoreThe World Of Internet And Social Media2396 Words   |  10 PagesDespites their advantages can the Internet and social network be misused to exert political violence? Does and or should it make a different in what political system this is taking place? Introduction There has been a new world created out of technology and that world is now affecting and dictating the functionality of our entire world. This new world is called the world of Internet and social media. The world of Internet and social media has now created a new form of citizen who are called usersRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On The World Essay2144 Words   |  9 PagesMillennial spends 18 hours a day consuming media in general (National Archives). Suffice to say, the modern world is a highly-connected world involving endless likes, followers, hashtags, and Facebook Live videos. Among the top users are those of today’s generation, or Generation Me. Social Media has become a constant part of everyday life, and as the Millennial Generation begins to approach adulthood and starts becoming more involved in the workforce, the way the world operates will change drasticallyRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effects On The World Essay1114 Words   |  5 Pages Let’s fa ce it, Facebook is one of the most used social media sites in the world. Everywhere you go, people are scrolling and scrolling down their phones, and now you want to know what that means. Setting up a Facebook account is simple and the result can be rewarding. Before you get started, you will need to make sure you have the proper tools to accomplish your goal. You need to have either a computer or phone with internet access or Wi-Fi. Just a few reminders, Facebook does require that the userRead MoreMark Zuckerberg : The World Of Social Media1502 Words   |  7 Pagesimagine a world without the ability to constantly update your status, download pictures, and â€Å"check in† to the places you visited while being virtually connected to your thousands of â€Å"friends?† Well thanks to Mark Zuckerberg’s creation of Facebook we will never have to. Mark Zuckerberg a CEO, technology innovator, internet mogul, and philanthropist created a virtual world unlike no other w hich single handily changed the world of social media. He has come to represent the new face of social media and he

Trade Protectionism Is A Policy That Restricts The Imports...

Trade protectionism is a policy that restricts the imports of goods. The purpose of protectionism is to protect domestic industries from imports , the products coming into the country , increase exports ,products coming out the country ,and improve the countries economy . One of the most effective method of protectionism is the tariff. The tariff is a form of taxation on imports ,it increase the price of imports and is taken in the receiving country, for example if the goods coming by the sea , the tariff will be taken in the port on the country . Other forms of protectionist include five major non-tariff barriers (NTBs) such as quotas, subsidies , currency control , administrative regulation and voluntary export restrains. Quotas is a trade restriction that limits and regulate the number and value of imported goods in specific period of time. For example strawberries, during the winter season we don’t see as much of them in the market, however if you happen to find some t he value of the produce significantly increased. Another NTB is subsidies, the government provides money to new industries to become competitive in the global market. This include depreciation allowance , cash grants , and tax holidays (p.110) to help reduce cost and improve their position. For instance if a company is too small and is unable to to compete int the global market , the government would offer them financial aid for them to get back in business. Currency control is used to limitShow MoreRelatedInternational Trade Policy And Economic Development776 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction In today s world economy, international trade policy plays an important role in national economic growth and economic development, it has become an important part of the international trading environment. Based on the historical research, free trade policy and protectionism are the two main catalogues of international trade policy. Free trade is a system in which the trade of goods and services between or within countries flows unhindered by government-imposed restrictions and interventionsRead MoreAnalysis of Arguments For and Against U.S. Trade Protection Essay1039 Words   |  5 PagesIn this paper I will summarize the arguments for and against trade protection for United States industries. Among the measures that can be used to restrict foreign trade are tariffs and trade quotas. Industries can also get nontariff barriers, miscellaneous legislation which give domestic products an advantage. In general, experts agree that restricted foreign trade benefits workers and domestic businesses, while under free trade consumers have a greater quantity and quality of choices availableRead MoreEconomic Growth and Public Policy of the Uk: Does the Protectionism Help?2525 Words   |  11 PagesEconomic Growth and Public Policy of the UK: Does the protectionism help? Introduction The effects of globalization have touched all the aspects of life and business today. One aspect is the trading policies between countries. Since the late nineteenth century, the collision started between domestic and foreign industries, which ask governments for measures that could protect local industries, without discouraging the country’s trade relations. The term ‘Protectionism’ was thus introduced inRead MoreThe Impact Of Foreign Policy On International Trade Essay1494 Words   |  6 Pagesinternational trade, many people have posed their opinion about what the role of government should be in it. Different factors are involved when it comes to deciding what this should be. It impacts a lot of people, so in order to do that, trade policy must be properly defined, identify what the roles of government currently are, and their involvement in it, and then analyse what should be their role. Trade policy is how a country carries out trade with other countri es (Commercial Policy, n.d). EvenRead MoreThe Speakers Speech on Trade Issues1454 Words   |  6 PagesSpeaker of the House: Speech on trade issues Give me jobs...or give me cheap, imported goods from China? It is this question that an increasing number of the American population fears that it is facing, regarding the US-Chinese trade deficit. America and American jobs are perceived as falling prey to what is called the Wal-Mart effect. This so-called Wal-Mart effect refers to the fact that when consumers are delighted at the cheap prices they can obtain at big box retailers, they are unintentionallyRead Morefree trade and protectionism1169 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Free trade and protectionism Free trade: It takes place between countries when there are no barriers to trade put in place by governments or international organization. Good and services are allowed to move freely between countries Pros Cons Protecting domestic employment Protecting the economy from low cost labour Protecting an infant (sunrise) industry To avoid the risks of over-specialization Strategic reasons To prevent dumping To protect product standards To raise government revenues Read Morecustoms and trade957 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Customs and Trade Much of the history of international relations and trade concerns efforts to promote free trade among nations. The 17th century saw the growth of restrictive policies that later came to be known as mercantilism. The mercantilists held that economic policy should be nationalistic and should aim at securing the wealth and power of the state. Governments were led to impose price and wage controls, promote exports of finished goods and imports of raw materials, and prohibit the exportsRead MoreImpact Of Trade Relations On International Trade1485 Words   |  6 Pagesdependant on international trade and the government plays a big role in this through forming their trade policy (Miller, 2010). In the past smaller countries have relied on trading with bigger nations, but in the mid-1960’s a lot of countries looked to pursue independence in their foreign policy. Even though we live in this new technological and global age, forming trade relations is vital to our economy. Every countr y has different trade policies which determine how trade occurs between themselvesRead MorePA 315 Final study guide Essay1288 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Question 1 Which of the following arguments states that a country should restrict trade to protect industries that provide social usefulness, such as domestic RD? Spillover effects Question 2 World Bank primarily loans money to countries that need short-term credit to shore-up their economies. False Question 3 One form of protectionism is to place limit on the amount of an incoming product. This is called Import quota Question 4 Neoliberalism refers to a political movement thatRead MoreGlobalization Of The United States1513 Words   |  7 Pagesdoes this stand true. As of March 10,2016 Pope stated that, â€Å"the trade deficit in goods was approximately $930 billion, or 1.3 percent of gross domestic product† (Pope, 2016). This trade deficit that we are experiencing is of course business as usual. Specifically, this deficit has occurred since 1975 (Pope, 2016). However, the United States can highlight certain industries that we are positively growing well in. These specific goods are within the technology intensive industries (high-tech metals

Sun Downing Syndrome And Elderly Dementia - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Sun Downing Syndrome And Elderly Dementia. Answer: Sun Downing Syndrome (SD) is a highly prevalent condition that is associated with individuals with dementia occurs during the middle stages of mixed dementia or Alzheimers disease (Ferrazzoli, Sica and Sancesario 2013). This is called late-day confusion creating agitation and confusion in the late afternoon and evening being less pronounced during the day. There is no exact reason for this behaviour although it is aggravated due to low lighting, fatigue, increased shadows, internal clocks disruption, infections or separating reality from dreams. It is syndrome associated with nocturnal delirium and form of Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) affecting around 10% to 25% patients in nursing care residents and 66% dementia dwelling patients (Yevchak, Steis and Evans 2012). Structuring of environment, meeting psychological and physical needs, scheduled activities of daily living, enhanced social activities and preventing loneliness can reduce SD symptoms (Venturelli et al. 2016). It is hard to distinguish sundowning as it has an unclear diagnostic criteria and definition. Therefore, the following essay involves the discussion of sundowning syndrome as a nursing issue and critical appraisal of current evidence associated with it. During my clinical placement, I was working at dementia ward in nursing home where I was assigned to look after sun downing syndrome patients with dementia. I found it challenging to look after them during my shift and planned to research syndrome. A literature review was conducted to explore this condition, describing what it is, why it occurs and its prevalence with proper management and treatment in reducing agitation being a major nursing issue. Sundowning has entered the common parlance of aged care nursing and dementia caregivers questioning whether it is common syndrome as assumed associated with demented individuals or not (Ferrazzoli, Sica and Sancesario 2013). However, it is not a formal form of psychiatric diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-MD). Moreover, the lack of consistent definition and diagnostic criteria are the man contributing factors to the conflicting and challenging interpretation of research findings particularly for nurses in terms of treatment outcomes (Nelson and DeVries 2017). The treatment guidelines are also not specific for SD in the major dementia treatment. Apart from lack of consensus, the hypothesis that symptoms (agitation) occur during late afternoon and evening is quite burdening for the nursing staffs and caregivers questioning the existence of SD (Ferrazzoli, Sica and Sancesario 2013). Therefore, it is important to have an insight into the current literature evidence related to SD and relevant to aged care nursing discussed in the subsequent section. Khachiyants et al. (2011) conducted a systematic review on epidemiology, etiology, differential diagnosis risk factors, prognosis and prevention of SD. The results depicted that SD is the second most common disruptive behavior form in institutionalized patients with dementia appearing endemic after wandering. 12.4% of elderly patients in nursing homes stated that cognition status disruption occurs during late afternoon. This data suggests that it becomes impossible for aged care nurses to carry out a validated comparative analysis about SD prevalence in different populations like non-institutionalized or institutionalized (Martins and Fernandes 2012). Moreover, the frequently observed abnormalities in behavior of demented patients with late afternoon exacerbation at late evening or night pose a significant burden to the nursing staffs and caregivers triggering challenges (Ferrazzoli, Sica and Sancesario 2013). However, the paper presented limited data in the prevention of SD as the c urrent literature lacked effective methods description. Canevelli et al. (2016) in their paper illustrated SD is a challenging manifestation and relevant to dementia in large number of affect individuals posing burden to aged care nursing and economic burden. There is lack of evidence regarding disentangling and clarifying the multifaceted and complex pathophysiological bases of SD phenomena. There is also lack of validated tool and screening for SD in the routine clinical practice especially outpatient settings. These factors pose future developments and research regarding SD in dementia for aged care nurses emerging as an issue in the nursing specialty. Cipriani et al. (2015) published a paper explaining that SD is a poorly defined entity that lacks accurate understanding of clinical characteristics, treatment and management. The study stated the role of suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in hypothalamus for the generation and synchronization of behavioral and physiological rhythm. SCN is biological clock that control melatonin production suppressed by dark and light alterations. They stated that sundowning is based on cortical activation or arousal reaction depending on cortex cholinergic differentiation where sleep disruption is the prime contributor. They also established correlations between noise, amount of light, staff fatigue and shortages. According to Blais, Zolezzi and Sadowski (2014) non-pharmacological interventions like music therapy, bright light therapy and aromatherapy may be of some benefit, however, pharmacological therapy provide minimal benefit only associated with safety concerns. The use of antipsychotics and melatonin showed evidence, however benzodiazepines are not recommendable as there are adverse side effects in elderly patients. This shows there is poor management of SD and quality of evidence supporting treatment is weak. As non-pharmacological interventions are safe, they are first line of SD treatment and require further development of SD management strategies. According to Gnanasekaran (2016) the clinical phenomenon of sundowning syndrome is known as early evening disruptive behavior. The paper suggested that there is limited medical literature regarding definition criteria and consistent diagnosis. The current understanding about this syndrome is greatly incomplete with limited justification. The literature is scarce and there is lack of comprehensive understanding of SD with studies failing to realize the basic existence of this syndrome. However, this study is perceived during evening hours creating stress and fatigue among nursing staffs in long-term care facilities. According to Zhou, Jung and Richards (2012) the antipsychotic medications given for dementia causes sleep disturbances or irregular circadian rhythms in the patients that may be a reason for the sundowning syndrome associated with this condition. Night awakening due to SD in patients is distressing for both patients with dementia and caregivers especially clinical depression among nurses and caregivers. From the above discussion, it is evident that there is limited literature available suggesting that some demented patients display sundowning, although, it is a prevalent syndrome among elderly population. Due to this reason, nurses and caregivers are unable to provide accurate treatment and management of the condition. Moreover, the agitation that occurs during the late evening or night is also a matter of concern. At that time-frame, there is shift change or fatigue that occurs among nurses and caregivers also causes poor diagnosis and management of SD among dementia patients. Therefore, future studies are required to have a clear definition, understanding and differential diagnosis of SD in demented individuals. References Blais, J., Zolezzi, M. and Sadowski, C.A., 2014. Treatment options for sundowning in patients with dementia.Mental Health Clinician,4(4), pp.189-195. Canevelli, M., Valletta, M., Trebbastoni, A., Sarli, G., DAntonio, F., Tariciotti, L., de Lena, C. and Bruno, G., 2016. Sundowning in Dementia: Clinical Relevance, Pathophysiological Determinants, and Therapeutic Approaches.Frontiers in medicine,3. Cipriani, G., Lucetti, C., Carlesi, C., Danti, S. and Nuti, A., 2015. Sundown syndrome and dementia.European Geriatric Medicine,6(4), pp.375-380. Ferrazzoli, D., Sica, F. and Sancesario, G., 2013. Sundowning syndrome: A possible marker of frailty in Alzheimers disease?.CNS Neurological Disorders-Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets-CNS Neurological Disorders),12(4), pp.525-528. Gnanasekaran, G., 2016. Sundowning as a biological phenomenon: current understandings and future directions: an update.Aging clinical and experimental research,28(3), pp.383-392. Khachiyants, N., Trinkle, D., Son, S.J. and Kim, K.Y., 2011. Sundown syndrome in persons with dementia: an update.Psychiatry investigation,8(4), pp.275-287. Martins, S. and Fernandes, L., 2012. Delirium in elderly people: a review. Frontiers in neurology, 3. Nelson, R.J. and DeVries, A.C., 2017. Medical Hypothesis: Light at Night Is a Factor Worth Considering in Critical Care Units.Advances in Integrative Medicine. Venturelli, M., Sollima, A., C, E., Limonta, E., Bisconti, A.V., Brasioli, A., Muti, E. and Esposito, F., 2016. Effectiveness of exercise-and cognitive-based treatments on salivary cortisol levels and sundowning syndrome symptoms in patients with Alzheimers Disease.Journal of Alzheimer's Disease,53(4), pp.1631-1640. Yevchak, A.M., Steis, M.R. and Evans, L.K., 2012. Sundown syndrome: a systematic review of the literature. Research in gerontological nursing, 5(4), pp.294-308. Zhou, Q.P., Jung, L. and Richards, K.C., 2012. The management of sleep and circadian disturbance in patients with dementia.Current neurology and neuroscience reports,12(2), pp.193-204.